Axon–Myelin Interactions during a Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System

Theiler’s virus offers a remarkable example of a pathogen that navigates the various cells of the organism to evade immune responses and establish a persistent infection. Here, we discuss the transition from neuron to myelin and oligodendrocyte infection, a step that is crucial for the persistence of this virus in the central nervous system (CNS). CNS myelin is an extension of the cytoplasmic membrane of oligodendrocytes wrapped numerous times around axons. An oligodendrocyte sends many such extensions and can myelinate up to 50 different axons. Myelinated axon segments are separated by short unmyelinated
regions called nodes of Ranvier.  Cytoplasm is totally extruded from myelin except in areas where it forms channels that are in continuity with the oligodendrocyte cell body. These channels form the so-called ad-axonal inner loop and the paranodal loops at the level of the nodes of Ranvier. Inner and paranodal loops are in close contact with the axon membrane (Figure 1). (For a review of myelin and node organization, see [1].)